Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
Structure and Function of Head and Neck
Other languages of instruction: Catalan, English
If the student is enrolled for the English track then classes for that subject will be taught in the same language.
Teaching staff
Contact person:
Spanish group: Dr. Héctor Parellada. hparellada@uic.es
Atencion Day: Monday from 10 to 12h. by appointment through the mail.
Place: Faculty offices of Anatomy (next to the osteoteca)
English group: Lc. Alex Garcia. alex_g@uic.es.
Atencion Day: Friday from 10 to 12h. by appointment through the mail.
Place: Faculty offices of Anatomy (next to the osteoteca)
Introduction
The nowledge of the structures of the head and neck and related functions is essential to the practice of dentistry. To chew, to swallow and the phonation, the main functions of the stomatognathic system, involve many musculoskeletal structures. Likewise, their regulation requires complex neuromuscular systems and precise brain control.
Pre-course requirements
For this subject, a basic knowledge of the structures and functions of the human body is required; transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction, reflex responses and the integration of functions at different levels will help students to go deeper into the most specific functions of this important anatomical region of the human being.
Objectives
To provide students with the structural and functional knowledge of the orofacial region needed to assimilate the pathological alterations thereof, which will be explained in subsequent courses.
Competences/Learning outcomes of the degree programme
Specific Competences
1. To know the morphology and function of the structures of the head and neck, including their bones, muscles, nerves and vessels.
2. To know the morphology and function of the stomatognathic system, including appropriate specific content in embryology, anatomy and physiology.
3. To understand diagnostic image tests of head and neck anatomical structures and identifying morphological and functional alterations thereof.
- 08 - Knowing how to share information with other healthcare professionals and how to work as part of a team.
- 09 - Understanding the importance of keeping and using patient files in order to subsequently analyse them, while ensuring patient confidentiality is maintained.
- 11 - Understanding the basic biomedical science Dentistry is based on in order to ensure that adequate dental healthcare is provided.
- 12 - Understanding and recognising the structure and normal function of the stomatognathic apparatus, at a molecular, cellular, tissue and organic level, during the various stages of life.
- 19 - Being aware of scientific methods and having the critical ability to evaluate established knowledge and innovative information. Being able to formulate hypotheses, collect and critically evaluate information in order to resolve problems, in accordance with scientific methods.
- 32 - Knowing the biomedical science on which Dentistry is based in order to ensure adequate oral and dental care. This science must include material on: (a). Embryology, anatomy, histology and the physiology of the human body (b). Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology and (c). Microbiology and immunology.
- 33 - Knowing the morphology and function of the stomatognathic apparatus, including material on embriology, anatomy, histology and specific physiology
Learning outcomes of the subject
At the end of the semester, the student should be able to identify the bone, muscle, vascular and nervous structures of the head and neck, as well as the functional and specific relationships of each of them in a state of normal health.
- 1.04 - Know the organization of our immune system: molecules, cells and organs
- 1.07 - Know the structure and function of support and movement systems; skeletal and muscular system, different bones and muscle groups that form the axial and appendicular skeleton.
- 1.08 - Identify and describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the different joints of the human body
- 1.09 - - Know the structure and function of communication and control systems, nervous system and endocrine
- 1.10 - Know the structure and function of the organs and systems involved in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body. Circulatory, respiratory, digestive and urinary apparatus.
- 1.11 - Identify in the corpse the different structures, organs, apparatus and systems in of the human body
- 1.12 - Solve clinical problems from deductions made with the basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the human body
- 1.13 - Identify using image techniques, structures of different topographical regions of the human body
- 1.14 - Understand and describe the embryological origin of the structures of head and neck
- 1.15 - Know the structure and function of support and movement of the head and neck systems. Bones of the skull and face. Head Musculature: muscles of facial expression, masticatory, supra and infrahyoid. Neck muscles
- 1.16 - Know the structure and function of the temporomandibular joint
- 1.17 - Know the distribution of vascularization of the head and neck
- 1.18 - Know the distribution of cranial nerves and clinical examination
- 1.19 - Solve clinical problems from deductions made from the basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the head and neck
- 1.20 - Identify using image techniques, structures of different topographical regions of the head and neck
- 1.21 - Understand and describe the embryological origin of oral and maxillofacial structures. The origin and the eruption of the dentition in humans
- 1.29 - Identify using image techniques, structures of the different topographical regions of the oral cavity and teeth in particular
- 1.30 - Understand the basic bio-medical sciences on which dentistry is based to ensure proper oral-dental care.
- 1.31 - - Understand and recognize the structure and normal function of the stomatognatic apparatus at a molecular and cellular level
- 1.33 - Will know better the scientific method and will have critical capacity to assess the established knowledge and new information
- 1.35 - Will manage better than at the beginning of the subject, contemporary information technologies
- 1.37 - Will value as necessary the knowledge throughout life
- 1.38 - Will start to understand the biochemical behavior of the essential bio-materials for dental practice
Syllabus
1. LECTURES:
UNIT 1: The skull:
- General features. Osteology of the skull
· Neurocranium: occipital, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, frontal and ethmoid bones.
· Viscerocranium: maxillar, palatin, zygomatic, nasal and lacrimal bones, cornetes, vomer and mandible.
· Sutures of the cranium.
· Cavities of the cranium: Cranial cavity. Orbital cavity. Temporal and infratemporal fossae. Pterygopalatine fossa. Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses.
· Hyoid bone.
- Architectural analysis of the cranium. Overview. Cephalometrics and craneometrics. Growth of the cranium and face.
- Bone physiology. Functions of bone. Hystological types. Blood and nerve supply. Bone formation and resorption. Types of ossification. Bone growth. Role of bone in homeostasis. Bone remodelling: factors. Fracture and bone repair. Role of bone in calcium homeostasis.
UNIT 2: Muscles of the head and neck:
- General characteristics. Types of function and properties of muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue: macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle fibres. Muscle metabolism. Control of muscle tension. Types of muscle fibre.
- Masticatory muscles
Supramandibular muscles. Suprahyoid inframandibular muscles. Infrahyoid muscles. Functional neuroanatomy and physiology of the masticatory system.
- Muscles of facial expression
Superficial neck muscles. Mouth and nose muscles. Eyelid and eyebrow muscles. Ear and scalp muscles.
UNIT 3: Clinical anatomy of the temporomandibular joint:
- General characteristics. Cranial component. Mandibular component. Joint disk. Capsule and joint ligaments. Vascularisation and innervation. Dynamics of the joint: forces, postures and movements. Lubrication and maintenance.
UNIT 4: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal system:
- Oral cavity.
- Limits and relationships. The teeth.
- The tongue.
- Development. Tongue musculature: intrinsic and extrinsic.
- Soft palate and Pharynx.
- Musculature. Vegetative and sensory innervation. Motor innervation of the pharynx and oesophagus. Swallowing.
- Larynx.
- Development. Pharyngeal skeleton. External configuration and internal musculature. Vegetative and motor innervation. Phonation.
- Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual. Location, relationships. Salivary secretion. Formation of saliva. Neurohumoral regulation of salivary secretion. Composition of saliva. Functions of saliva in oral health.
UNIT 5: Blood vessels of the head and neck:
- Overview. External carotid artery: anterior, posterior and medial branches. Terminal branches. Internal carotid artery.
- Veins of the head and neck. Superficial veins and deep and posterior veins.
UNIT 6: The encephalon and the cranial nerves:
- Introduction.
- Anatomy of encephalic structures. Brain stem. Cerebelum. Diencephalon. Brain.
- Cranial nerves. Modalities and functions.
· I cranial nerve: Olfactory nerve. Anatomy of the olfactory nerve, olfactory receptors. Olfactory channels. Projections of the olfactory bulb and cortical projections
· II cranial nerve: Optical nerve. Anatomy of the optical nerve and the visual channel. Anatomy of the retina. Photoreceptors. Visual phototransduction. Visual fields. The photomotor reflex.
· III cranial nerve: oculomotor nerve. Anatomy of the oculomotor nerve. Somatic motor and visceral parasympathetic components. Pupil light response.
· IV cranial nerve: trochlear nerve. Anatomy of the trochlear nerve. Eye movements – mediated by the fourth nerve.
· V cranial nerve: trigeminal nerve. Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve. Afferent sensory component. Sensory nuclei. Central channels: Tactile discrimination, pain and temperature. Detailed description of the three divisions. Terminal branches. Brachial motor component. Peripheral nerves.
· VI cranial nerve: abducens nerve. Anatomy and function of the abducens nerve.
· VII cranial nerve: facial nerve. Anatomy of the facial nerve. Nuclei and intracranial course. General and special sensory components. Brachial motor component. Visceral motor component.
· VIII cranial nerve: vestibulocochlear nerve Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular component. Vestibular nuclear complex. Cochlear component. Action potentials of sensory neurons. Central channels.
· IX cranial nerve: glossopharyngeal nerve. Anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve. General sensory component. Visceral sensory component. Special sensory component. Brachial motor component. Visceral motor component.
· X cranial nerve: vagus nerve.Anatomy of the vagus nerve. Course. General sensory component. Visceral sensory component. Special sensory component. Brachial motor component. Visceral motor component.
· XI cranial nerve: accessory nerve.Anatomy of the accessory nerve.
· XII cranial nerve: hypoglossal nerve.Anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve. Brachial motor component.
UNIT 7:Anatomophysiology of pain. Anatomical basis of local anaesthesia:
- The sensation of pain. Nociceptors. Pain conduction channels. Types of pain. Modulation of pain. Central excitation effect. Orofacial pain.
- The anatomical basis for the administration of local anaesthesia in dentistry. Bone structures. Distribution of nerve branches for the dental plexus. Maxillar branches. Mandibular branches. Vascular structures.
2. PRACTICAL SESSIONS:
Area 1: OSTEOTECA
- Practical sessions 1 to 7:
- OSTEOLOGY OF THE CRANIUM
- TMJ
-Practical sessions 8 and 9:
- MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
- ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNGEAL SYSTEM
- Practical sessions 10 and 11:
- VASCULARISATION OF THE HEAD AND NECK
- Practical sessions 12 to 14:
- ENCEPHALON AND SPINAL CORD
- INNERVATION OF HEAD AND NECK
- SENSORY ORGANS. Vision and hearing
Area 2: DISSECTION ROOM:
- Practical sessions 1 to 4:
- MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
- Practical sessions 5 to 8:
- ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNGEAL SYSTEM
- Practical sessions 9 to 13:
- VASCULARISATION OF THE HEAD AND NECK
- INNERVATION OF HEAD AND NECK
- Practical sessions 14 and 15:
- SENSORY ORGANS. Vision and hearing
Teaching and learning activities
In person
1. Theoric content in the form of master classes (clinical case methodology is included, where appropriate). It is offered to all students and makes up 60% of the total.
2. Practical content in the laboratory; it is offered in groups (two groups). Practical sessions take place in two venues:
- In the Osteoteca – tutored self-learning using anatomical models.
- In the Dissection room – identification of structures on cadaveric specimens.
Evaluation systems and criteria
In person
To pass the subject it is necessary to pass the theory and the dissection practices separately. Once the two parties have passed individually, the aforementioned percentages will be applied. The work carried out in practices will increase the mark of the exams by a maximum of 20%.
This written test will preferably be face-to-face by the student, complying with health regulations for disease prevention.
Final evaluation of the subject comprises a final exam consisting of two independent examinations:
1. Practical test: identification of bone, muscle, vascular and nervous structures on cadavers and orofacial structures on X-ray radiographs. The test is passed with at least 50% of the total points. A passing mark in the practical test is required in order to attend the theoretical examination. If it is not passed, the student will be able to attend the theoretical test but the obtained grade will not be considered.
2. Theoretical test: multiple choice questions (one point per correct answer and penalisation for incorrect answers; one point will be subtracted for every five wrong answers). The test is passed with at least 50% of the total points (after subtracting points for errors).
Both exams make up 80% of the final mark, with the following contributions: 60% for the theoretical test and 20% for the practical test. Both tests must be passed in order to pass the course. The activities completed in the practical sessions may improve the mark of the tests by a maximum of 20%.
Attendance of practical sessions is compulsory. Unexcused absences to more than three sessions will preclude the student from sitting the examination and therefore from passing the subject.
About exam review:
- The qualifications will be available to the students before the ten days following the test.
- The student who requests the review has the right to access the exam he/she took and to have the teacher explain the correction and evaluation criteria used to decide the final grade.
Bibliography and resources
Basic recommended texts:
· Anatomía de la Cabeza para odontólogos. Velayos JL, Santana HD. 4th edition. Medica Panamericana: Buenos Aires; Madrid: 2007
· Netter. Anatomía de la cabeza y cuello para odontólogos. Norton NS. Netter FH. Elsevier- Masson Barcelona. 25th ed. 2015.
· Nervios Craneales. En la salud y la enfermedad. Wilson-Pauwels L, Akeson EJ, Stewart PA, Spacey SD. 3th ed. Medica Panamericana: Buenos Aires; Madrid: 2015.
Atlas:
· Atlas de Anatomía Humana. Sobotta Becher. Tomo I. 23 Ed. Medica Panamericana: Buenos Aires; Madrid: 2012
· Prometeus. Atlas de Anatomía. Tomo 3 cabeza y Neuroanatomia. Schünke M,Schulte, Schumacher U. Medica Panamericana: Buenos Aires; Madrid: 2013
· Atlas de Anatomía Humana. Estudio fotográfico del Cuerpo humano. Rohen JW, Lütjen-Drecoll, Yokochi C. 8ª ed. Elsevier. Barcelona. 2015.
· Anatomía Humana. Texto y Atlas en color. Gosling JA, Harris PF, Humpherson JR, Whitmore I, Willan PTL. 2 Ed. Tomo 2. (Ch. 7: Cabeza y cuello). Mosby/ Doyma Libros. Madrid: 1994.
Others:
· Principios de Anatomía y Fisiología. Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. 15th ed. Medica Panamericana: Buenos Aires; Madrid: 2018
· Anatomía y Fisiología. Thibodeau-Patton Ed. Elsevier-Mosby. 8th edition 2013
· Tratamiento de Oclusión y afecciones temporomadibulares. Okeson JP. 7th ed. Harcourt Mosby. Madrid 2014.
· Anatomia Oral. Sicher/ Du Brul. Du Brul E LL. Doyma Barcelona: 1988
Teaching material:
· Fichas de Autoevaluación. Netter Anatomía. Cabeza y cuello. Hansen JT, Netter FH. 2nd ed. Elsevier- Masson Barcelona. 2015.
· Laminas Mudas. Prometeus. Texto y Atlas de Anatomía. Tomo 3 cabeza y Neuroanatomia. Schünke M,Schulte, Schumacher U. Medica. Panamericana: Buenos Aires; Madrid: 2018
Evaluation period
- E1 20/12/2024 A03 10:00h
- E1 20/12/2024 A01 10:00h
- E1 20/12/2024 A02 10:00h
- R1 20/01/2025 A03 13:00h
- R1 20/01/2025 A01 13:00h